Because of that, tinkering with nature both accomplishes and frustrates the goals of human enhancement. This assessment of the given does not consider its ambiguous, dialectical character.
Transhumanism questions our biological inheritance for being flawed and outdated, including giving birth, restricting this to a source of great suffering.
Then we move to transhumanism, proponent of human enhancement. Other scholars develop philosophies of birth, mostly based on Arendt's conception of natality, questioning a human nature not sensitive to gender, excluding birth and childhood. They explain why this gave an advantage to the human species, enhancing cooperation and other desirable traits. Some female scholars link human evolution to the presence of premature infants requiring attention from mothers and alloparents. Criticisms to evolutionary psychology challenge its defense of a notion of a fixed human nature, and its disregard for the experience of birth. We expand on Woollard's notion of reproductive achievements, comparing them with ideas of human enhancement, which aims at humans becoming "stronger and faster". People readily recognize men-related achievements, like running a marathon, but not achievements related to giving birth. Philosopher Fiona Wollard recently advocated interpreting the achievements of women while giving birth.
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